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Geothermal Energy Basics and Summary Along with hydroelectric, tidal, wind, and solar energy technologies, geothermal energy has been discussed as an alternative energy source and a renewable energy source. Approaches for substitution of geothermal energy sources for the more commonly used fossil fuel sources of heat and electricity include both “high temperature” and “low temperature” technologies. High-temperature Geothermal Energy As a well is drilled into the earth, beyond the local frost line, temperature increases according to a geothermal gradient which can be estimated for various depth ranges. Especially near volcanic basins and other high-gradient regions, very hot geologic formations, “hot rocks”, are encountered at relatively shallow depths. They represent an obvious alternative energy source. Like the hot water in an engine’s cooling system, a liquid can be circulated in a single well or a more complicated circulation system. Hot coolant can be brought to the surface to run steam turbines or otherwise provide energy. Hawaii, Iceland, Yellowstone National Park, California’s Great Basin and Imperial Valley, and New Mexico’s Rio Grande Rift have high geothermal gradients; layers of hot rock can be encountered by drilling wells to relatively shallow depths to harvest this alternative energy. Tectonic plate boundaries and rift valleys are some of the largest high-gradient areas. Smaller areas where magma from deep in the earth circulates at relatively shallow depths are called “hot spots”. The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic cones created by hot spots under the Pacific Ocean. Most of these high gradient regions exhibit hot springs flowing at the surface. Geysers are more spectacular examples of subsurface geothermal activity. Hawaii and Washington have recently experienced eruptions of world-class active volcanoes, of course. Electric power projects have been established near the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates at the Pacific Coast to harvest this alternative energy, and are some of the most efficient and economical green energy projects in the US. Some of these projects have prompted protests on environmental grounds regarding groundwater contamination and/or air quality. Geothermal zones commonly contain greenhouse gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2) and/or sulfur dioxide (SO2), so not all high-temperature geothermal projects are perfect green energy installations. The largest US geothermal power generation project is the Geysers plant in California, with Imperial Valley’s Coso plant close behind; those are not the only Golden State high-temperature geothermal facilities. Other US geothermal power facilities are in Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah. A map summarizing the locations of high geothermal gradients is available at http://geothermal.marin.org/geomap_1.html. Low-temperature Geothermal Energy Without reliance upon a nearby high-gradient location or deep drilling, most homes and commercial buildings can exploit low-temperature geothermal techniques. Not far below the frost line, at a shallow depth lies a depth range where the ground temperature remains at about 70 degrees Fahrenheit throughout all seasons. A heat exchanger that works much like an automotive radiator can be buried in this depth range. In the heat of an Arizona summer, circulation of a coolant through this underground exchanger and a building heat exchanger in the central ventilation system can cool a building to the 75 degree range, and supplemental refrigeration can bring temperature further down to 70 degrees, for example. This is very green energy. This technique is equally practical for reducing the electric power required to maintain comfort in a Michigan winter. Underground basements have provided this effect for centuries. Current technologies are completely adequate to implement these effects with economy, safety, comfort and convenience. An alternative energy program to incentive and popularize these low-temperature geothermal techniques will reduce burning of fossil fuels. Thus occupants of homes and buildings save money, and emission of greenhouse gases associated with fossil fuel consumption is reduced. Job creation and economic stimulus also occur along with such a shift of expenses and priorities. Low-temperature geothermal heating and cooling combines green energy conservation with economic stimulus and job creation.

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